8, 19–20; Rowlands (1998), p. 31ff. He told the House of Lords that animals had protection only as property: "The animals themselves are without protection--the law regards them not substantively--they have no rights!
[21], According to Richard D. Ryder, the first known animal protection legislation in Europe was passed in Ireland in 1635. This law makes it a felony to create, sell, or possess videos showing animal cruelty with the intention of profiting financially from them.
[69], On coming to power in January 1933, the Nazi Party passed a comprehensive set of animal protection laws. The following are brief explanations of some of the many rights theories. Moreover, it is important that animal advocates not suggest or support alternative, and supposedly more "humane" forms of exploitation as "substitutes" for the exploitation to which the advocates object in the first instance. It is my view that certain aspects of Singer's theory render his view at the ideal level to be far more unclear than that offered by Regan. Kathleen Kete writes that animal welfare laws were passed in 1654 as part of the ordinances of the Protectorate—the government under Oliver Cromwell (1599–1658), which lasted from 1653 to 1659, following the English Civil War. But suppose the case were otherwise, what would it avail? This approach both invites and facilitates introduction of humanocentric notions about animal consciousness. [171], A 2007 survey to examine whether or not people who believed in evolution were more likely to support animal rights than creationists and believers in intelligent design found that this was largely the case – according to the researchers, the respondents who were strong Christian fundamentalists and believers in creationism were less likely to advocate for animal rights than those who were less fundamentalist in their beliefs. . The over-exploitation of fishing stocks, for example, is viewed as harming the environment for people; the hunting of animals to extinction means that humans in the future will derive no enjoyment from them; poaching results in financial loss to the owner, and so on. [FN4], Singer's views about the nature of rights theory have had a profound impact on the animal rights movement. Although he rejects speciesism, and requires that equal interests be given equal consideration, we saw that such a principle provides very little normative guidance as to how animals (or anyone else) ought to be treated. Everything else would follow from that paradigm shift. Deontologists argue that there are acts we should never perform, even if failing to do so entails a worse outcome. This matter of inclusion is to be distinguished from the matter of the scope of any rights that animals may have once we move them from one side to the other. Humans have failed to do this, Singer argues, because of a species bias, or speciesism, that results in a systematic devaluation of animal interests. [160], In 2010, research was presented to a conference in San Diego, suggesting that dolphins are second in intelligence only to human beings, and concluded that they should be regarded as nonhuman persons. Regan stresses that there is no nonarbitrary way to separate moral agents from moral patients, and that there is no way to differentiate human moral patients from nonhuman moral patients without relying on some form of species bias or speciesism. The problem can be illustrated clearly with the following example. [166] However, a number of factors appear to correlate with the attitude of individuals regarding the treatment of animals and animal rights. The affair culminated in riots in 1907 when 1,000 medical students clashed with police, suffragettes and trade unionists in Trafalgar Square.
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