[20] There are different views as to if the internal energy should be added to the calculation as cost or not. The leading producers were China (7,600 barrels per day (1,210 m3/d)), Estonia (6,300 barrels per day (1,000 m3/d)), and Brazil (3,800 barrels per day (600 m3/d)). In The History of On-Shore Hydrocarbon Use in the UK", "Studies of the Scottish oil shale industry.
However, in the early 21st century, USA, Canada and Jordan were planning or had started shale oil production test projects, and Australia was considering restarting oil shale production. [4], At full-scale production, the production costs for one barrel of light crude oil of the Australia's Stuart plant were projected to be in the range of $11.3 to $12.4 per barrel, including capital costs and operation costs over a projected 30-year lifetime. 18–19 November, Tallinn", "Slow Radio-Frequency Processing of Large Oil Shale Volumes to Produce Petroleum-like Shale Oil", "Coaxing oil from huge U.S. shale deposits", "An Assessment of the Energy Return on Investment (EROI) of Oil Shale.
[15] In the United States, during the 1973 oil crisis businesses expected oil prices to stay as high as US$70 a barrel, and invested considerable sums in the oil shale industry. As of 2008, most oil shale industries perform the shale oil extraction process after the rock is mined, crushed and transported to a retorting facility, although several experimental technologies perform the process in place (in-situ). [30] CBT Prices from 2001 to 2006 has had a range of $10,000 to $14,000 per share, or $14,000 to $20,000 per acre foot. 고도의 기술이 필요해 기존의 원유 채굴 방식보다 생산단가가 높다. A report by EASAC to the Committee on Industry, Research and Energy of the European Parliament", American Association of Petroleum Geologists, "Geology and resources of some world oil-shale deposits. At 50% utilization, the project was expected to be economic at a price of $18 per barrel, while at full capacity, it could be economic at a price of $13 per barrel. Several co-pyrolysis processes to increase efficiency of oil shale retorting have been proposed or tested. [20] It might also be argued that internal energy should be included as energy invested because it contributes to CO2 emissions. The article stated that coal liquefaction was less expensive, generated more oil, and created fewer environmental impacts than oil shale extraction. [21] More recent studies estimates the EROEI of oil shales to be 1–2:1 or 2–16:1 – depending on if self-energy is counted as a cost or internal energy is excluded and only purchased energy is counted as input. [11] However, instead of Alberta Taciuk Processor VKG proceeded with a Petroter retort which production price level is not disclosed.
Synthesis of the Symposium on Oil Shale. around 30 years.
In Estonia, the co-pyrolysis of kukersite with renewable fuel (wood waste), as well as with plastic and rubber wastes (tyres), has been tested.
[8] However, Shell reported in 2007 that the cost of creating an underground freeze wall to contain groundwater contamination had significantly escalated.
New York, NY: Wiley & Sons Inc., 2006. These estimates assume a return rate of 15%. [30][32][33], Shale oil contains polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons which are carcinogenic. [1][7], In 2005, Royal Dutch Shell announced that its in situ extraction technology could become competitive at prices over $30 per barrel ($190/m3).
Shale oil is an unconventional oil produced from oil shale rock fragments by pyrolysis, hydrogenation, or thermal dissolution. Though scarce, water in the western United States is treated as a commodity which can be bought and sold in a competitive market. Shale oil extraction methods are more flexible than traditional oil well drilling. Lack of reliable studies of modern oil shale processes, poor or undocumented methodology and a limited number of operational facilities are the main reasons. After excavation, the oil shale must undergo retorting . We use cookies to personalise content and ads, to provide social media features and to analyse our traffic. [14][41] Sulfur and nitrogen, along with the arsenic and iron that may be present, also destroy the catalysts used in refining. Oil Shale Research and Development Project", United States Environmental Protection Agency, International Agency for Research on Cancer, "Agents Classified by the IARC Monographs, Volumes 1–102", "Selective Biodegradation of S and N Heterocycles by a Recombinant Rhodococcus erythropolis Strain Containing Carbazole Dioxygenase", "Process for treating hot shale oil effluent from a retort – US Patent # 4181596", "A brief overview of motor fuels from shale oil of kukersite", "Estonian Oil Shale Retorting Industry at a Crossroads", "Oil Shale: History, Incentives and Policy", "NPR's National Strategic Unconventional Resource Model", "Notice of Intent To Prepare a Programmatic Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and Possible Land Use Plan Amendments for Allocation of Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resources on Lands Administered by the Bureau of Land Management in Colorado, Utah and Wyoming", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Shale_oil&oldid=972906484, Pages containing links to subscription-only content, Articles with dead external links from November 2019, Articles with permanently dead external links, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, This page was last edited on 14 August 2020, at 11:29. [17][18][19][20], A critical measure of the viability of extraction of shale oil lies in the ratio of the energy produced by the oil shale to the energy used in its mining and processing, a ratio known as "Energy Returned on Energy Invested" (EROEI). The hypothetical unit would see a cost reduction of 35–70% after its first 500 million barrels (79×10^6 m3) were produced. This is when the mined rock is exposed to the process of pyrolysis — applying extreme heat without the presence of oxygen to a substance, and producing a chemical change.
[34] The World Health Organization classifies shale oil as Group 1 carcinogens to humans. The United States Department of Energy estimates that the ex-situ processing would be economic at sustained average world oil prices above US$$54 per barrel and in-situ processing would be economic at prices above $35 per barrel. [1][7], In the second half of the 20th century, oil shale production ceased in Canada, Scotland, Sweden, France, Australia, Romania, and South Africa due to the low price of oil and other competitive fuels.
[27] Petrobras produces in their Petrosix plant 550 tons of oil per day from 6,200 tons of shale, a yield of 9%. Municipal and other water requirements related to population growth associated with industry development will require an additional 58 million US gallons (220,000 m3) per day. [4], A comparison of the proposed American oil shale industry to the Alberta oil-sands industry has been drawn (the latter enterprise generated over 1 million barrels per day (160×10^3 m3/d) of oil in late 2007), stating that "the first-generation facility is the hardest, both technically and economically".
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