However, the reforms also led to a decline in wages and a spike in unemployment, and there was a severe recession from 1980 to 1983. Overall, the regime left over 3,000 dead or missing, tortured tens of thousands of prisoners,[2] and drove an estimated 200,000 Chileans into exile. In late July, 40,000 truckers, squeezed by price controls and rising costs, tied up transportation in a nationwide strike that lasted 37 days, costing the government US$6 million a day. Augusto Pinochet's Chile, Diana Childress, p. 92, Twenty First century Books, 2009, Chile en el umbral de los noventa: quince años que condicionan el futuro, Jaime Gazmuri & Felipe Agüero, p. 121, Planeta, 1988. Some key figures in the Nixon administration, such as Henry Kissinger, used the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) to mount a major destabilization campaign. [162] These memorials were built by family members of the victims, the government and ex-prisoners of the dictatorship. Chile was neutral during the Falkland War, but its Westinghouse long-range radar deployed at Punta Arenas, in southern Chile, gave the British task force early warning of Argentinian air attacks, which allowed British ships and troops in the war zone to take defensive action. Cuban Special Forces had also instructed the FPMR guerrillas that ambushed Augusto Pinochet's motorcade on 8 September 1986, killing five bodyguards and wounding 10. Minster, Christopher. They point to the growth of the economy under Pinochet and claim he was a patriot who loved his country. Many went missing between 1973 and 1990 during the dictatorship of Augusto Pinochet – and relatives are still seeking answers. The figure was twice as much in neighbouring Argentina and Uruguay, and even higher in developed countries—South Korea attaining a record 98 per cent coverage. In: P. Mirowski, D. Plehwe (Hrsg. It is thought that the killing of the MIR leader Miguel Enríquez in 1974 could be an early case of a faked combat. [63] Leigh, although a fervent supporter of the regime and hater of Marxist ideology, had already taken steps to separate the executive and legislative branches. The initial plan held that Pinochet would rule only for a year, to be succeeded by the chiefs of the navy, police and air force. The official story became that the three suspects had caused the explosion themselves by trying to burn and destroy incriminating evidence. [142], The military dictatorship sought to isolate Chilean radio listerners from the outside world by changing radio frequencies to middle wavelengths. "[73] Critics of the 1980 Constitution argue that the constitution was created not to build a democracy, but to consolidate power within the central government while limiting the amount of sovereignty allowed to the people with little political presence. [68], Another group of civilians that collaborated extensively with the regime were the Gremialists, whose movement started in 1966 in the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile. Sebastián Edwards, Alejandra Cox Edwards: Karin Fischer: "The Influence of Neoliberals in Chile before, during, and after Pinochet." In 1982-1983 Chile witnessed a severe economic crises with a surge in unemployment and a meltdown of the financial sector. COPACHI was founded by Cardinal Raul Silve Henriquez, Archbishop of Santiago, as an immediate response to the repression of the Pinochet regime. I take political responsibility for everything that was done. The Caravan Of Death. [15] Allende also clashed with Chile's largest circulation newspaper El Mercurio. In Chile, it has been very hard for the outside world to fully understand the role that everyday civilians played in keeping Pinochet's government afloat. : Scarecrow Press. Once the junta had taken over, the United States immediately recognized the new regime and helped it consolidate power. Many foreign multinational corporations such as International Telephone and Telegraph (ITT), Dow Chemical, and Firestone, all expropriated by Allende, returned to Chile. [76], From 1975 to 1980 the SNJ arranged a series of ritualized acts in cerro Chacarillas reminiscent of Francoist Spain. [98][99] The massive increases in military spending and cuts in funding to public services coincided with falling wages and steady rises in unemployment, which averaged 26% during the worldwide economic slump of 1982–85[98] and eventually peaked at 30%. A year after mass protests erupted in Chile last October, a historic referendum on the Pinochet dictatorship’s 1980 constitution will take place on Sunday. From the moment of his election in September, 1970 the Nixon administration mounted a covert campaign against him. Leigh criticized Pinochet for having joined the coup very late and then pretending to keep all power for himself. Allende died defending the palace, and Pinochet was made part of a four-man ruling junta led by the commanders of the army, air force, police, and navy. [129] It is estimated that from 1970 to 1975 Peru spent up to US$2 Billion (roughly US$20 Billion in 2010's valuation) on Soviet armament. [142] According to Eduardo Carrasco of Quilapayún in the first week after the coup, the military organized a meeting with folk musicians where they announced that the traditional instruments charango and quena were banned. The worst violence occurred within the first three months of the coup, with the number of suspected leftists killed or "disappeared" (desaparecidos) reaching several thousand. Chile's new constitution was approved in a national plebiscite held on September 11, 1980. [55] In the 1980s a few left-wing sympathisers hid in Puerto Gala and Puerto Gaviota, Patagonian fishing communities with a reputation of lawlessness. [39] Some of the most famous cases of desaparecidos are Charles Horman, a U.S. citizen who was killed during the coup itself,[41] Chilean songwriter Víctor Jara, and the October 1973 Caravan of Death (Caravana de la Muerte) where at least 70 persons were killed. [85] Through developments and education programs in the shantytown area of Santiago, the Vicaria had mobilised around 44,000 people to join campaigns by 1979. [62], In the 1970s junta members Gustavo Leigh and Augusto Pinochet clashed on several occasions beginning in the day of the 1973 Chilean coup d'état. Large foreign banks reinstated the credit cycle, as the Junta saw that the basic state obligations, such as resuming payment of principal and interest installments, were honored. He was charged with several counts of murder, torture, and kidnapping. Instigated by the anti-Marxist militia Patria y Libertad ("country and freedom"), the armoured cavalry soldiers hoped other units would be inspired to join them. Elections were held in 1989 and the opposition candidate, Christian Democrat Patricio Aylwin, was victorious. History of Chile. [52] According to a study in Latin American Perspectives,[53] at least 200,000 Chileans (about 2% of Chile's 1973 population) were forced into exile. In 1998, then-Brazilian congressman and retired military officer Jair Bolsonaro praised Pinochet, saying his regime "should have killed more people".[163]. A right-wing authoritarian military dictatorship ruled Chile for seventeen years, between September 11, 1973 and March 11, 1990. Once the Junta was in power, General Augusto Pinochet soon consolidated his control over the government. During his dictatorial reign tens of thousands of opponents of his regime were tortured. He deleted some bank regulations, and simplified and reduced the corporate tax. [108] Pinochet attended the funeral of General Francisco Franco, dictator of Spain from 1936–75, in late 1975. Chilean Culture. By 1974, the Commission of Peace had established a large network to provide information to numerous organisations regarding human rights abuses in Chile. In: Enrique R. Carrasco: "Autocratic Transitions to Liberalism: A Comparison of Chilean and Russian Structural Adjustment." The rationale was that US feared that Allende would promote the spreading of Soviet influence in their ‘backyard’. Apart from Le Monde, newspapers remained silent about this request. La histórica rivalidad de Los Prisioneros y Soda Stereo, ¿quién ganó? The Government Junta immediately banned the socialist, Marxist and other leftist parties that had constituted former President Allende's Popular Unity coalition[24] and began a systemic campaign of imprisonment, torture, harassment and/or murder against the perceived opposition. In a statement read by his wife Lucia Hiriart, he said, Today, near the end of my days, I want to say that I harbour no rancour against anybody, that I love my fatherland above all. Although France received many Chilean political refugees, it also secretly collaborated with Pinochet. [60] This meant that dissidents who were murdered outright had their deaths reported in media as if they had occurred in a mutual exchange of gunfire. [9] One reason for this was financial, as many US businesses had investments in Chile, and Allende's socialist policies included the nationalization of Chile's major industries. [161] In order to keep the memories of the victims and the disappeared alive, memorial sites have been constructed throughout Chile, as a symbol of the country's past. A potential model for nations that fail to achieve significant economic growth, they the! Were killed and disappeared during the dictatorship was the MIR, Movimiento de Izquierda Revolucionaria ] a musician... 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