The encampment area for the baggage train should be stationed in a defensible area with water and grass readily available at a distance of approximately 30 to 50 miles away from the location of the main battle and should be staffed with a force of two Banda; the encampment should forage for food and hay equivalent to four days of necessity. As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. To describe the training and tactics that could allow one man to defeat three . Maurice, Emperor of the East, 539-602; Dennis, George T. Publication date. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but for the general history of the art of war. [9], Baggage trains should be regarded with utmost care as they contain the ingredients to make a forward operating base function, including servants and children. Maurice may have only commissioned it; perhaps his brother Peter, or another general of his court, was the true author. It is primarily focused on cavalry tactics and formations, yet it also elaborates on matters of infantry, sieges, baggage trains, drilling and marching. [4][12], Manual of war by written in the late 6th century by Maurice, the Augustus of the Eastern Roman Empire, This article is about the 6th-9th century book, Maurice's Strategikon. [9], These books cover the formations of the cavalry and Tagma. Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Author(s): Eric McGeer. The Strategikon or Strategicon (Greek: Στρατηγικόν) is a manual of war traditionally regarded as written in the late 6th century and usually attributed to Byzantine Emperor Maurice; it is moreover a practical manual, "a rather modest elementary handbook", in the words of its introduction, "for those devoting themselves to generalship". While the world of clinical trials is certainly different, the principles of defining and executing flexible strategies that are well matched to the challenges are definitely applicable. It may well have been written by Maurice too, there's just no way to tell. As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. If written in the 6th century, the Strategikon may have been produced to codify the experience of the Balkan and Persian campaigns, or those campaigns may have been carried out in compliance with the manual; however, starting in the late 19th century, some historians have argued for a later date in the eighth or ninth century, on philological or technological grounds. As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. Military art and science, Military art and science, Military art and science. The eleventh book has ethnographic interest, with its portrayal of various Byzantine enemies (Franks, Lombards, Avars, Turks, and Slavs). The author was familiar with antique military treatises, especially Onasander and Aelian, which he utilized as conceptional models rather than sources of content. Maurice's Strategikon by Maurice Emperor of the East, George T. Dennis, March 1984, Univ of Pennsylvania Pr edition, Hardcover in English Maurice's Strategikon : handbook of Byzantine military strategy. As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. They also discuss the importance of having a cavalry and the importance of the cavalry in their specific military style. by. The book was composed between 1075 and 1078 by a Byzantine general of partly Armenian descent. In short, he possessed the qualities found in the author of the Strategikon. Our name, Strategikon, comes from a famous strategy manual written by the Byzantine emperor Maurice. While intransit, the baggage train should be kept separate from the soldier marching lines; when enemies are present, the baggage train should in the middle of the caravan to avoid harassment by enemies. As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. The Points Which the General Must Consider, Book VIII – [General Instructions and Maxims], Book XI – Characteristics and Tactics of Various Peoples, Book XII – [Mixed Formations, Infantry, Camps and Hunting]. [4][5], The text consists of 12 chapters or "books" on various aspects of strategy and tactics, employed by the Byzantine army during the 6th and 7th century C.E. However, historians still question and debate the validity of these sources due to the tradition of copying from ancient Greek and Roman authors, such as Aeneas Tacticus, Arrian or Polybius in Byzantine treatises like the Strategikon, the Tactica, the Sylloge Taktikon, the Praecepta Militaria and others. It provides certain spacings between squads, to prevent an ambush from reaching a squad without the intervention of a squad further behind. It also covers formations to deter the ambush from taking place. Book VIII then covers the details of the instructions that the generals would be given by Emperor Maurice and his administrative people. The Strategikon or Strategicon (Greek: Στρατηγικόν) is a manual of war traditionally regarded as written in the late 6th century and usually attributed to Byzantine Emperor Maurice; it is moreover a practical manual, "a rather modest elementary handbook", in the words of its introduction, "for those devoting themselves to generalship". This method was also used to help prevent retreats by any soldier, because there would always be someone watching them. Topics. Includes bibliographical references and index. Strategikon of Maurice. Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press. He died about 615. Gone were the days of state-provided heavy metal armor, tower shields, and gladiuses of the Roman legions. p. xvi. Book VII focuses on the different strategic points that generals must consider prior to engaging in a battle, not necessarily a war. The work is a practical manual and according to its author "a rather modest elementary handbook [...] for those devoting themselves to generalship", that was to serve as a general guide or handbook to Byzantine art of war. For the 11th century work, see, Book II – The Cavalry Battle Formation and Book III - Formations of the Tagma, Book VI – Various Tactics and Drills, Book VII - Strategy. [6] Each book focuses on a generic topic. These maps have many shapes and characters that some will not understand, but through study they can make sense of them because what the characters display on the map. He therefore required training in both foot and mounted archery with … To all the officers of the Byzantines of the time, it must have been an invaluable companion, and to some extent, a textual mentor. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but for the general history of the art of war. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but for the general history of the art of war. . Leo's Tactica in particular was greatly inspired by the Strategikon. They go into a great deal of detail on the topics listed below to make sure that there are no confusion on general topics of the Byzantine military. The Strategikon of Kekaumenos ( Greek: Στρατηγικὸν τοῦ Κεκαυμένου, Latin: Cecaumeni Strategicon) is a late 11th century Byzantine manual offering advice on warfare and the handling of public and domestic affairs. The topics that this book discusses include: training and drilling of soldiers as individuals, the armament of the cavalryman and the basic equipment to be furnished, the various titles of the officers and soldiers, the organization of the army and the assignment of officers, how the tagmatic commanders should select their subordinate officers and combat leaders and organize the Tagma into squads, the regulations about military crimes to be given to the troops, the regulations about military crimes to be given to the tagmatic commanders, military punishments, and the orderly way of marching through an army's own country when there is no hostile activity. Describing in detail weaponry and armor, daily life on the march or in camp, clothing, food, … As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. .. . He proved his expertise on military and foreign affairs during his campaigns against the Persians, Avars and Slavs, and during peace negotiations with Khosrau II. [2] However, beginning in the late 19th century, a number of historians have, due to perceived philological and technological inconsistencies, argued for a later publication date during the eighth or ninth century. Maurice s Strategikon As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but for the general history of the art of war. Its contents primarily focus on cavalry tactics and formation and several chapters elaborate on matters of infantry, siege warfare, logistics, education and training and movement. The true authorship of the Strategikon is still debated among academics. In the introduction of his 1984 translation of the text, George Dennis noted that "the Strategikon is written in a very straightforward and generally uncomplicated Greek. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but for the general history of the art of war. Mauricii Strategikon; a practical manual of military tactics and an antiquarian work (abstract) It has, in modern times, become so much more. Baggage trains should be kept away from areas of battle to avoid dispiriting soldier morale in the event of capture. The Points Which the General Must Consider, and Book VIII - General Instructions and Maxims, Book IX – Surprise Attacks and Book X - Sieges, Book XI – Characteristics and Tactics of Various Peoples and Book XII - Mixed Formations, Infantry, Camps and Hunting, "The Strategikon: A forgotten military classic", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Strategikon_of_Maurice&oldid=1020435112, 6th-century establishments in the Byzantine Empire, Short description is different from Wikidata, Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers, Wikipedia articles with WorldCat-VIAF identifiers, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License, Book VII – Strategy, The Points Which the General Must Consider, Book VIII – General Instructions and Maxims, Book XI – Characteristics and Tactics of Various Peoples, Book XII – Mixed Formations, Infantry, Camps and Hunting, This page was last edited on 29 April 2021, at 02:15. December 1, 2015. [7][8], This book contains a great deal of detail on the origin of the Byzantine Military, and specific information of selections, organization, crimes, and punishment. Reserve horses should be kept with the baggage train at the onset of battle, their utility is not needed at the front line and will only add to the confusion in battle. The Strategikon of Maurikios is the most complete Byzantine field manual in spite of its brevity. Books seven and eight tackle with practical advice for the commander in the form of instructions and military maxims. An intermediate encampment, closer to the front line, should be established between the battle area and the baggage train; the camp should be fortified and supplied with food for a day at the camp for each bandon. The Strategikon also belongs to Byzantine legal literature, since it contains a list of military infractions and their suitable penalties. He possessed insight, public spirit, and courage. For the late 6th century manual, see Strategikon of Maurice. Military historians consider the Strategikon to be the earliest sophisticated theory of Combined arms at battalion level (Greek: Tagma). At the time that Maurice’s Strategikon was written, infantrymen serving in the thematic armies were responsible for supplying their own equipment, which consisted of light padded armor, wooden shields and a spear and/or bow [1]. [3], This article is about the 6th-9th century book. Maurice may have only commissioned it and perhaps his brother Peter or, more likely, another general was the true author. They explain what the rest of the army was to do while the Tagmas and cavalry were in formation and use. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but for the general history of the art of war. The text consists of 12 chapters, or "books", on various aspects of the tactics employed by the Byzantine army of the 6th and 7th century A.D. The eleventh book is of interest for ethnographers as it portrays various enemies of the Byzantine Empire, such as the Franks, the Lombards, the Avars, the Turks and the Slavs. Maurice’s Strategikon was originally intended as a military handbook. The Strategikon of Emperor Maurice is an interesting and unique look at the Roman world in the 6th century complete with tactics, enemy's and various other information on the mind set of the then still mighty empire before the explosion of Islam in the next hundred years changed the world forever. They include maps to show how these formations appeared on a smaller scale, to help people visualize the formations. The defense force should select known and capable men to form a communication chain from the baggage train encampment to the front line. In a separate chapter of Book XI, the author presents everything useful, needed and important from a military point of view about the life of specific enemies. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but for the general history of the art of war. Source: The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Author(s): Eric McGeer. Books XI and XII cover the mixed uses of non-cavalry and tagma groups and their various formations. As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but … The encampment area for the baggage train should be stationed in a defensible area with water and grass readily available at a distance of approximately 30 to 50 miles away from the location of the main battle and should be staffed with a force of two Banda; the encampment should forage for food and hays equivalent to four days of necessity. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but … Publisher. [3] In any case, the work is considered to be one of the most notable military texts of the medieval Byzantine period, along with treatises attributed to the Byzantine emperors Leo VI (Tactica) and Nicephorus Phocas (De velitatione and the Praecepta Militaria), among others. Our name, Strategikon, comes from a famous strategy manual written by the Byzantine emperor Maurice. Often ascribed to Maurice, Emperor of the East. They cover different strategies the military would use for a surprise attack on an enemy, or to seize enemy land without a battle.[9]. Books VII and VIII contain practical advice to the General in the form of instructions and maxims. The Strategikon of Emperor Maurice is an interesting and unique look at the Roman world in the 6th century complete with tactics, enemy's and various other information on the mind set of the then still mighty empire before the explosion of Islam in the next hundred years changed the world forever. December 2, 2015. As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but for the general history of the art of war. the aim in the Strategikon, whose primary type of soldier was neither an infantryman nor a cavalryman but rather both, and a bowman first of all. The defense force should select known and capable men to form a communication chain from the baggage train encampment to the front line. [1] In any case it is considered one of the most important military texts of the medieval years, along with the 10th century military treatises attributed to the Byzantine emperors Leo VI (Tactica) and Nicephorus Phocas (De velitatione and Praecepta Militaria); Leo's Tactica in particular drew heavily from the Strategikon. . The Kings and Generals animated historical documentary series on the evolution of the Roman Army continues with the second episode of the series on the Army of the Eastern Roman Empire – the Byzantine Empire. 1984. There is debate in academic circles as to the true author of the Strategikon. [10][9], Book VI contains the tactics and drills that the military had at the time to properly train the individual soldier. In this episode, we’ll focus on Strategikon of Maurice – the army manual that defined the structure, training and tactics […] Reserve horses should be kept with the baggage train at the onset of battle, their utility is not needed at the front line and will only add to the confusion in battle. It contains wonderful descriptions of the Slavs at war (or, rather, Byzantines at war with Slavs) as well Slavs more generally that have been frequently cited as some of the earliest descriptions of Slav military tactics (or lack thereof). Edition Notes Includes glossary of terms. Several levels of subsections go into further detail and include maps. [9], These books cover the surprise attacks and siege strategies that the Byzantine military used at this point in time. [9], This book discusses what each part of the formations of the cavalry and tagma would do in the case of an ambush. Cf. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but … As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. In this first complete English translation, the Strategikon is an invaluable source not only for early Byzantine history but for the general history of the art of war. The Strategikon or Strategicon (Greek: Στρατηγικόν) is a manual of war regarded as written in late antiquity (6th century) and generally attributed to the Byzantine Emperor Maurice. The Strategikon may have been written in an effort to codify the military reforms brought about by the soldier-emperor Maurice. The Strategikon of Maurice was written by the Byzantine Emperor Maurice (582-602) and is a handbook designed to help a field commander. He was forced to spend the years 603-610 in a monastery, which would have given him the opportunity for reflection, research, and writing. As a veteran campaigner, the Byzantine emperor Maurice (582-602) compiled a unique and influential handbook intended for the field commander. An intermediate encampment, closer to the front line, should be established between the battle area and the baggage train; the camp should be fortified and supplied with food for a day at the camp for each bandon. The Strategikon or Strategicon (Greek: Στρατηγικόν) is a manual of war traditionally regarded as written in the late 6th century and usually attributed to Byzantine Emperor Maurice; it is moreover a practical manual, "a rather modest elementary handbook", in the words of its introduction, "for those devoting themselves to generalship". This gave them all of the knowledge that they would need in battle with weapons, tactics, actions, and strategies. "[1], The Strategikon may have been written in an effort to codify the military reforms brought about by the soldier-emperor Maurice. Maurice is uncertain, but as the Strategikon does not refer to … These books cover topics ranging from recruitment, to creation of squads, to the strategy of using block formations of men instead of the one lengthy line. His administrative reforms reveal him as a farsighted statesman, all the more since they outlasted his death by centuries and were the basis for the later intro… While in transit, the baggage train should be kept separate from the soldiers' marching lines; when enemies are present, the baggage train should be in the middle of the caravan to avoid harassment by enemies. The Strategikon or Strategicon (Greek: Στρατηγικόν) is a manual of war regarded as written in late antiquity (6th century) and generally attributed to the Byzantine Emperor Maurice. These maps are mainly sketches and drawings to show essential symbols of troop positions and highlight the standard designs of formation and manoeuvre of the Byzantine military of the epoch. The Strategikon, generally but possibly mistakenly attributed to the emperor Maurice (582–602 CE), is one of the most extensive extant treatises on military tactics and strategies before the early modern period, and is the basis for much of what we know about the sixth‐century Roman army. Baggage trains should be kept away from areas of battle to avoid dispiriting soldier morale in the event of capture. The date also remains debated. If it was written during the 6th century, the Strategikon may have been produced to analyze and reflect on the experience of the Balkan and Persian campaigns, or the campaigns may have been carried out in compliance with the manual. For the 11th century work, see, Articles incorporating text from Wikipedia, "The Strategikon: A forgotten military classic", http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/strategikon/strategikon.htm, https://military.wikia.org/wiki/Strategikon_of_Maurice?oldid=2308143, Book VII – Strategy. The Strategikon or Strategicon (Greek: Στρατηγικόν) is a manual of war traditionally regarded as written in the late 6th century and usually attributed to Byzantine Emperor Maurice; it is moreover a practical manual, "a rather modest elementary handbook", in the words of its introduction, "for those devoting themselves to generalship". “Maurice’s Strategikon” was written in the late 6th century by, most likely, Byzantine Emperor Maurice (Emperor 582-602). [2], Baggage trains should be regarded with utmost care as they contain the ingredients to make a forward operating base function, including servants and children. The attribution of this military treatise to Emp. Maurice is seen as an able emperor and commander-in-chief, though the description of him by Theophylact may exaggerate these traits. The Strategikon also testifies to the lasting influence of Latin on the Byzantine terminology of warfare and shows that up until the year 600 C.E Latin was still the official command language of the imperial army. The Strategikon also represents and refers to Military justice and Byzantine legal literature, since it contains a list of military infractions and their respective penalties. Maurice's Strategikon handbook of Byzantine military strategy This edition was published in 1984 by University of Pennsylvania Press in Philadelphia. The dating is also debated. 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