For now here is a link where a scientific journalist from the magazine answer to a web reader about the truth of Hitler's names (it's in french). [101][d] In the following days, Hitler spoke to several packed houses and defended himself and Esser, to thunderous applause. Hitler continued to face some opposition within the Nazi Party. [17] When Hitler was three, the family moved to Passau, Germany. Hitler ordered Steiner to attack the northern flank of the salient, while the German Ninth Army was ordered to attack northward in a pincer attack. [202] In January 1935, over 90 per cent of the people of the Saarland, then under League of Nations administration, voted to unite with Germany. [48] Georg Ritter von Schönerer became a major influence on Hitler. "[260] France and Britain did not act on their declarations immediately, and on 17 September, Soviet forces invaded eastern Poland. On 2 May 1933, all trade unions were forced to dissolve and their leaders were arrested. [241] The eastern flank would be secured and land would be added to Germany's Lebensraum. [25] Alois Hitler's farming efforts at Hafeld ended in failure, and in 1897 the family moved to Lambach. [349] In addition, 28.7 million soldiers and civilians died as a result of military action in the European Theatre of World War II. The Social Democratic Party was banned and its assets seized. Hitler thus became head of state as well as head of government, and was formally named as Führer und Reichskanzler (leader and chancellor),[2] although Reichskanzler was eventually quietly dropped. [426] According to historian John Toland, Nazism "burst like a bubble" without its leader. Germany suffered wholesale destruction, characterised as Stunde Null (Zero Hour). Braun met Hitler in Munich when she was a 17-year-old assistant and model for his personal photographer Heinrich Hoffmann . [46], It was in Vienna that Hitler first became exposed to racist rhetoric. The decree was permitted under Article 48 of the Weimar Constitution, which gave the president the power to take emergency measures to protect public safety and order. [353] In addition to eliminating Jews, the Nazis planned to reduce the population of the conquered territories by 30 million people through starvation in an action called the Hunger Plan. [77], Hitler described the war as "the greatest of all experiences", and was praised by his commanding officers for his bravery. [334] The Generalplan Ost (General Plan East) called for deporting the population of occupied Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to West Siberia, for use as slave labour or to be murdered;[335] the conquered territories were to be colonised by German or "Germanised" settlers. He was frequently beaten by his authoritarian father. [65] Posted to the Bavarian Reserve Infantry Regiment 16 (1st Company of the List Regiment),[66][65] he served as a dispatch runner on the Western Front in France and Belgium,[67] spending nearly half his time at the regimental headquarters in Fournes-en-Weppes, well behind the front lines. The eight-year-old Hitler took singing lessons, sang in the church choir, and even considered becoming a priest. In the event of his death, the conference minutes, recorded as the Hossbach Memorandum, were to be regarded as his "political testament". [94], Hitler was discharged from the army on 31 March 1920 and began working full-time for the party. [349] The number of civilians killed during the Second World War was unprecedented in the history of warfare. No. [209] The plan envisaged an all-out struggle between "Judeo-Bolshevism" and German Nazism, which in Hitler's view required a committed effort of rearmament regardless of the economic costs. In 1842, Johann Georg Hiedler married Alois's mother. By early August, Axis troops had advanced 500 km (310 mi) and won the Battle of Smolensk. [259] In response, Britain and France declared war on Germany on 3 September, surprising Hitler and prompting him to angrily ask Ribbentrop, "Now what? Alois was brought up in the family of Hiedler's brother, Johann Nepomuk Hiedler. In 1923, he attempted to seize governmental power in a failed coup in Munich and was imprisoned with a sentence of five years. They promised to repudiate the Versailles Treaty, strengthen the economy, and provide jobs. Hitler wanted to emulate Benito Mussolini's "March on Rome" of 1922 by staging his own coup in Bavaria, to be followed by a challenge to the government in Berlin. [182][183] Army commander Colonel-General Werner von Fritsch was removed after the Schutzstaffel (SS) produced allegations that he had engaged in a homosexual relationship. [166] Since it would affect the constitution, the Enabling Act required a two-thirds majority to pass. [233] In Hitler's view, the British-brokered peace, although favourable to the ostensible German demands, was a diplomatic defeat which spurred his intent of limiting British power to pave the way for the eastern expansion of Germany. [126], Published in two volumes in 1925 and 1926, Mein Kampf sold 228,000 copies between 1925 and 1932. He not only started World War II but was responsible for the deaths of 11 million people. [96] In February 1921—already highly effective at crowd manipulation—he spoke to a crowd of over 6,000. [332], If the international Jewish financiers in and outside Europe should succeed in plunging the nations once more into a world war, then the result will not be the Bolshevisation of the earth, and thus the victory of Jewry, but the annihilation of the Jewish race in Europe! [307], During a military conference on 22 April, Hitler asked about Steiner's offensive. For other uses, see, Hitler on 20 April 1945 in his last public appearance, in the garden of the Reich Chancellery, ten days before he and. [257][258], On 1 September 1939, Germany invaded western Poland under the pretext of having been denied claims to the Free City of Danzig and the right to extraterritorial roads across the Polish Corridor, which Germany had ceded under the Versailles Treaty. [35][36] Hitler and his friends used the greeting "Heil", and sang the "Deutschlandlied" instead of the Austrian Imperial anthem. [168], On 23 March 1933, the Reichstag assembled at the Kroll Opera House under turbulent circumstances. [161] Activities of the German Communist Party (KPD) were suppressed, and some 4,000 KPD members were arrested. This did not represent a coherent ideology, but was a conglomeration of received ideas which had currency in the völkisch Pan-Germanic movement, such as ultranationalism, opposition to the Treaty of Versailles, distrust of capitalism, as well as some socialist ideas. In his young age, he had a crush on a Jewish girl. [114], On 8 November 1923, Hitler and the SA stormed a public meeting of 3,000 people organised by Kahr in the Bürgerbräukeller, a beer hall in Munich. [170], At the risk of appearing to talk nonsense I tell you that the National Socialist movement will go on for 1,000 years! Over 200,000 Axis soldiers were killed and 235,000 were taken prisoner. [133], The stock market in the United States crashed on 24 October 1929. [284], On 7 December 1941, Japan attacked the American fleet based at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. He also faced second temporary blindness after hearing horrifying news about German. [275], In early 1941, German forces were deployed to North Africa, the Balkans, and the Middle East. [79] His bitterness over the collapse of the war effort began to shape his ideology. CLICK HERE to learn the truth Where is the body? He planned to kill all the residents of Moscow and to turn the entire city in a lake. Neither the army, nor the state police, joined forces with Hitler. [54] However, historian Brigitte Hamann describes Kubizek's claim as "problematical". At social events he sometimes gave graphic accounts of the slaughter of animals in an effort to make his guests shun meat. He moved to Germany in 1913 and was decorated during his service in the German Army in World War I. The treaty imposed economic sanctions and levied heavy reparations on the country. Leaving nothing to chance, the Nazis used the provisions of the Reichstag Fire Decree to arrest all 81 Communist deputies (in spite of their virulent campaign against the party, the Nazis had allowed the KPD to contest the election)[167] and prevent several Social Democrats from attending. [279][280] The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic republics, Belarus, and West Ukraine. On 6 June 1944, the Western Allied armies landed in northern France in one of the largest amphibious operations in history, Operation Overlord. He was involved and appeared in a series of propaganda films throughout his political career, many made by Leni Riefenstahl, regarded as a pioneer of modern filmmaking. [44][45] He earned money as a casual labourer and by painting and selling watercolours of Vienna's sights. [372] Hitler's leadership became increasingly disconnected from reality as the war turned against Germany, with the military's defensive strategies often hindered by his slow decision making and frequent directives to hold untenable positions. [112], The programme of the Nazi Party was laid out in their 25-point programme on 24 February 1920. Hitler changed from a confident, outgoing, conscientious student to a morose, detached boy who constantly fought with his father and teachers. [199] In speeches during this period, he stressed the peaceful goals of his policies and a willingness to work within international agreements. Food supplies would be diverted to the German army and German civilians. [124], While at Landsberg, Hitler dictated most of the first volume of Mein Kampf (My Struggle; originally entitled Four and a Half Years of Struggle against Lies, Stupidity, and Cowardice) at first to his chauffeur, Emil Maurice, and then to his deputy, Rudolf Hess. [390], According to a US Office of Strategic Services (OSS) report, "The Nazi Master Plan", Hitler planned to destroy the influence of Christian churches within the Reich. Adolf Hitler's real name was actually Christened Adolphus Hitler. [81], The Treaty of Versailles stipulated that Germany had to relinquish several of its territories and demilitarise the Rhineland. [4] Under Hitler's leadership and racially motivated ideology, the Nazi regime was responsible for the genocide of about 6 million Jews and millions of other victims whom he and his followers deemed Untermenschen (subhumans) or socially undesirable. [417] He regularly consumed amphetamine, barbiturates, opiates, and cocaine,[418][419] as well as potassium bromide and atropa belladonna (the latter in the form of Doktor Koster's Antigaspills). [384] In public, Hitler often praised Christian heritage and German Christian culture, though professing a belief in an "Aryan Jesus" who fought against the Jews. Alois Hitler, father of Adolf, was the illegitimate son … [431] Historians, philosophers, and politicians often use the word "evil" to describe the Nazi regime. Hitler's party failed to secure an absolute majority, necessitating another coalition with the DNVP. [4] "Never in history has such ruination—physical and moral—been associated with the name of one man", he adds. She bore a son out of wedlock to a man whose name was Heidler (pronounced Hitler). [295] The most well known, the 20 July plot of 1944, came from within Germany and was at least partly driven by the increasing prospect of a German defeat in the war. [177], On 2 August 1934, Hindenburg died. [394] According to Bullock, Hitler wanted to wait until after the war before executing this plan. At his young age, he used to smoke 25 to 40 cigarettes a day. [113], In 1923, Hitler enlisted the help of World War I General Erich Ludendorff for an attempted coup known as the "Beer Hall Putsch". [37], After Alois's sudden death on 3 January 1903, Hitler's performance at school deteriorated and his mother allowed him to leave. [68][69] He was present at the First Battle of Ypres, the Battle of the Somme, the Battle of Arras, and the Battle of Passchendaele, and was wounded at the Somme. [433], Historian Friedrich Meinecke described Hitler as "one of the great examples of the singular and incalculable power of personality in historical life". [355] These partially fulfilled plans resulted in additional deaths, bringing the total number of civilians and prisoners of war who died in the democide to an estimated 19.3 million people. [194] The average work week increased during the shift to a war economy; by 1939, the average German was working between 47 and 50 hours a week. [175] Hitler targeted Ernst Röhm and other SA leaders who, along with a number of Hitler's political adversaries (such as Gregor Strasser and former chancellor Kurt von Schleicher), were rounded up, arrested, and shot. [188] While elections to the Reichstag were still held (in 1933, 1936, and 1938), voters were presented with a single list of Nazis and pro-Nazi "guests" which carried with well over 90 per cent of the vote. [180] On 19 August, the merger of the presidency with the chancellorship was approved by 88 per cent of the electorate voting in a plebiscite. [104][105][106] Hitler used personal magnetism and an understanding of crowd psychology to his advantage while engaged in public speaking. Born the fourth of six children to Austrian customs officer Alois Hitler--who had been married twice before--and the former Klara Polzl, Adolf Hitler grew up in a small Austrian town in the late 19th century. He faced temporary blindness during the first world war on October 15, 1918, due to mustard gas attack on his camp. [320][321] Their corpses were carried outside to the garden behind the Reich Chancellery, where they were placed in a bomb crater, doused with petrol, and set on fire as the Red Army shelling continued. [214] In early 1938, in the wake of the Blomberg–Fritsch Affair, Hitler asserted control of the military-foreign policy apparatus, dismissing Neurath as foreign minister and appointing himself as War Minister. [78] His wartime experience reinforced his German patriotism and he was shocked by Germany's capitulation in November 1918. Hitler was born in Austria – then part of Austria-Hungary – and was raised near Linz. He was the son of Alois Hitler (father) and Klara Hitler (mother). Alois was born as Alois Schicklgruber, the son of one Maria Schicklgruber, who was unmarried. Some were sent to concentration camps. Hitler sought Lebensraum (lit. Overconfident in his own military expertise following the earlier victories in 1940, Hitler became distrustful of his Army High Command and began to interfere in military and tactical planning, with damaging consequences. Heath Hitler, formerly Isidore Heath Campbell, a white supremacist known for naming his son Adolf Hitler … [178] With this action, Hitler eliminated the last legal remedy by which he could be removed from office. When Adolf Hitler was a child he wanted to become a priest because his mother was Catholic and his father was anticlerical. [116] The next day, Hitler and his followers marched from the beer hall to the Bavarian War Ministry to overthrow the Bavarian government, but police dispersed them. [145] On 25 February 1932, the interior minister of Brunswick, Dietrich Klagges, who was a member of the Nazi Party, appointed Hitler as administrator for the state's delegation to the Reichsrat in Berlin, making Hitler a citizen of Brunswick,[146] and thus of Germany. The nightly air raids on British cities intensified and continued for months, including London, Plymouth, and Coventry. Hitler asked everyone except Wilhelm Keitel, Alfred Jodl, Hans Krebs, and Wilhelm Burgdorf to leave the room,[308] then launched into a tirade against the treachery and incompetence of his commanders, culminating in his declaration—for the first time—that "everything was lost". Hitler instructed the two newly appointed Gauleiters of north-western Poland, Albert Forster of Reichsgau Danzig-West Prussia and Arthur Greiser of Reichsgau Wartheland, to Germanise their areas, with "no questions asked" about how this was accomplished. He strengthened his control of the armed forces in 1938, and subsequently made all major decisions regarding Germany's military strategy. [197], In a meeting with German military leaders on 3 February 1933, Hitler spoke of "conquest for Lebensraum in the East and its ruthless Germanisation" as his ultimate foreign policy objectives. [406], Sometime in the 1930s Hitler adopted a mainly vegetarian diet,[407][408] avoiding all meat and fish from 1942 onwards. In February, German forces arrived in Libya to bolster the Italian presence. I have done research on Hitler since I was ten years old. ... Don't forget how people laughed at me 15 years ago when I declared that one day I would govern Germany. [281] His generals disagreed with this change, having advanced within 400 km (250 mi) of Moscow, and his decision caused a crisis among the military leadership. [50] Hitler read local newspapers such as Deutsches Volksblatt [de] that fanned prejudice and played on Christian fears of being swamped by an influx of Eastern European Jews. [150][151] Hitler came in second in both rounds of the election, garnering more than 35 per cent of the vote in the final election. And they’re determined to be the last. [145][375] He met his lover, Eva Braun, in 1929,[376] and married her on 29 April 1945, one day before they both committed suicide. He was born on April 20, 1889 at Braunau am Inn, Austria.. France and Germany signed an armistice on 22 June. [262] Hitler refrained from getting involved. No. [222] In private, Hitler considered the Sudeten issue unimportant; his real intention was a war of conquest against Czechoslovakia. [80] Like other German nationalists, he believed the Dolchstoßlegende (stab-in-the-back myth), which claimed that the German army, "undefeated in the field", had been "stabbed in the back" on the home front by civilian leaders, Jews, Marxists, and those who signed the armistice that ended the fighting—later dubbed the "November criminals". [437] Historian Sebastian Haffner asserts that without Hitler and the displacement of the Jews, the modern nation state of Israel would not exist. [117] Sixteen Nazi Party members and four police officers were killed in the failed coup. [41] During his time in Vienna, he pursued a growing passion for architecture and music, attending ten performances of Lohengrin, his favourite Wagner opera. He had repeatedly claimed that he must lead Germany into war before he got too old, as his successors might lack his strength of will. [344] Hitler approved the Einsatzgruppen—killing squads that followed the German army through Poland, the Baltic, and the Soviet Union[345]—and was well informed about their activities. [192] Unemployment fell from six million in 1932 to one million in 1936. [34] He expressed loyalty only to Germany, despising the declining Habsburg Monarchy and its rule over an ethnically variegated empire. His nephew William Patrick Hitler with the U.S Navy fought against Adolf. The laws banned sexual relations and marriages between Aryans and Jews and were later extended to include "Gypsies, Negroes or their bastard offspring". [256] Hitler unsuccessfully tried to manoeuvre the British into neutrality by offering them a non-aggression guarantee on 25 August; he then instructed Ribbentrop to present a last-minute peace plan with an impossibly short time limit in an effort to blame the imminent war on British and Polish inaction. [92] To increase its appeal, the DAP changed its name to the Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei (National Socialist German Workers' Party (NSDAP), known colloquially as the "Nazi Party"). Hitler and Ludendorff sought the support of Staatskommissar (State Commissioner) Gustav Ritter von Kahr, Bavaria's de facto ruler. [140] On 25 September 1930, Hitler testified that his party would pursue political power solely through democratic elections,[141] which won him many supporters in the officer corps. [187], Hitler took care to give his dictatorship the appearance of legality. [213] He felt that a severe decline in living standards in Germany as a result of the economic crisis could only be stopped by military aggression aimed at seizing Austria and Czechoslovakia. millions of dead warn [us], Hitler's suicide was likened by contemporaries to a "spell" being broken. [410], Hitler stopped drinking alcohol around the time he became vegetarian and thereafter only very occasionally drank beer or wine on social occasions. [173] The German Labour Front was formed as an umbrella organisation to represent all workers, administrators, and company owners, thus reflecting the concept of Nazism in the spirit of Hitler's Volksgemeinschaft ("people's community"). Göring blamed a communist plot, because Dutch communist Marinus van der Lubbe was found in incriminating circumstances inside the burning building. [157] Until the 1960s, some historians including William L. Shirer and Alan Bullock thought the Nazi Party itself was responsible,[158][159] the current consensus of nearly all historians is that van der Lubbe actually set the fire alone. [174][172] The demands of the SA for more political and military power caused anxiety among military, industrial, and political leaders. Recognising the strength and determination of the Red Army, Hitler decided to use his remaining mobile reserves against the American and British troops, which he perceived as far weaker. The records of the Wannsee Conference, held on 20 January 1942 and led by Heydrich, with fifteen senior Nazi officials participating, provide the clearest evidence of systematic planning for the Holocaust. Stuck alone in a room like a private shame, she was described by Hitler’s colleagues as deeply unhappy and deeply in love. Hitler announced German recognition of Manchukuo, the Japanese-occupied state in Manchuria, and renounced German claims to their former colonies in the Pacific held by Japan. [61] When he was conscripted into the Austro-Hungarian Army,[62] he journeyed to Salzburg on 5 February 1914 for medical assessment. [228] On 29 September Hitler, Neville Chamberlain, Édouard Daladier, and Mussolini attended a one-day conference in Munich that led to the Munich Agreement, which handed over the Sudetenland districts to Germany. [267] Kershaw notes that Hitler's popularity within Germany—and German support for the war—reached its peak when he returned to Berlin on 6 July from his tour of Paris. These gains were gradually reversed after 1941, and in 1945 the Allied armies defeated the German army. Adolf Hitler was only married for 45 minutes before his suicide and his sister Paula never married. [395], Speer wrote that Hitler had a negative view of Himmler's and Alfred Rosenberg's mystical notions and Himmler's attempt to mythologise the SS. Germans were ambivalent about the parliamentary republic, which faced challenges from right- and left-wing extremists. [319], On 30 April 1945, Soviet troops were within a block or two of the Reich Chancellery when Hitler shot himself in the head and Braun bit into a cyanide capsule. [370], Hitler dominated his country's war effort during World War II to a greater extent than any other national leader. In June 1941, Hitler ordered an invasion of the Soviet Union. Acting heads of state are denoted by italics. Nobody has ever suggested that it was anyone other than Alois Hitler. The name is probably based on the German word hütte (lit., "hut"), and likely has the meaning "one who lives in a hut". [55] While Hitler states in Mein Kampf that he first became an anti-Semite in Vienna,[56] Reinhold Hanisch, who helped him sell his paintings, disagrees. [216], In February 1938, on the advice of his newly appointed foreign minister, the strongly pro-Japanese Joachim von Ribbentrop, Hitler ended the Sino-German alliance with the Republic of China to instead enter into an alliance with the more modern and powerful Empire of Japan. [369] He entrusted Bormann with his paperwork, appointments, and personal finances; Bormann used his position to control the flow of information and access to Hitler. [71][72] He received the Black Wound Badge on 18 May 1918. Was Adolf Hitler in the habit of Smoking? [130] However, after an inflammatory speech he gave on 27 February, Hitler was barred from public speaking by the Bavarian authorities, a ban that remained in place until 1927. [391][392] His eventual goal was the total elimination of Christianity. [97] To publicise the meeting, two truckloads of party supporters drove around Munich waving swastika flags and distributing leaflets. [365] Hitler's leadership style was to give contradictory orders to his subordinates and to place them into positions where their duties and responsibilities overlapped with those of others, to have "the stronger one [do] the job". [29][30][31] Ignoring his son's desire to attend a classical high school and become an artist, Alois sent Hitler to the Realschule in Linz in September 1900. The principle relied on absolute obedience of all subordinates to their superiors; thus he viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex. [386], Hitler viewed the church as an important politically conservative influence on society,[387] and he adopted a strategic relationship with it that "suited his immediate political purposes". [402] In his 1977 book The Psychopathic God: Adolf Hitler, historian Robert G. L. Waite proposes that he suffered from borderline personality disorder. Adolf Hitler was vegetarian. [83], After World War I, Hitler returned to Munich. [434] English historian Hugh Trevor-Roper saw him as "among the 'terrible simplifiers' of history, the most systematic, the most historical, the most philosophical, and yet the coarsest, cruelest, least magnanimous conqueror the world has ever known". [342][346] By summer 1942, Auschwitz concentration camp was expanded to accommodate large numbers of deportees for killing or enslavement. ’ d let Eva linger about, after World War II to a wide of! [ 94 ], during his service in the family moved to Germany 's capitulation in November 1918 's sponsored... Hair and Blue Eyes the Führerbunker occasionally drink beer and wine in private, Hitler appointed himself as of. The citizenship of Austria with Nazi Germany in 1913 and was hospitalised in Pasewalk, Germany gave him a of... [ 325 ], between 1939 and 1945, there were many plans to Hitler! 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